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The Many People Involved In Freshwater Aquarium History Freshwater aquarium history dates back more than 4,000 years ago when the ancient Sumerians of Southern Iraq, conceived the idea of building the first man-made fish ponds. Other ancient civilizations that brought fish in ponds are the Assyrians and Egyptians. In Europe, the Romans kept sea barbels in marble tanks while Emperor Hongwu of China maintained goldfish in porcelain tubs in 1369. Fish were kept in ponds and tubs for food and entertainment for the higher class in ancient society. In 1841, Dr. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward used his Wardian case for tropical animals where he kept toy fish and aquatic plants. The glazed case was originally used in his experiment on ferns. It was also used to transfer ferns and grasses from England to Australia and became the forerunner of the terrarium. The basic concept and design of the Wardian case became the inspiration for the present day aquarium. Botanists and biologists started the idea of keeping plants and animals in an enclosure for the purpose of observing them indoors whenever they want. Anna Thynne of London created the first balanced marine aquarium when for almost three years; she maintained stony corals and seaweed. The idea of a balanced aquarium was developed in the 1800s. The guiding principle was that a symbiotic relationship between fish and aquatic plants could be duplicated in a miniature aquatic ecosystem. It proved to be a valuable concept in freshwater aquarium history that is still being followed to this day. English naturalist Philip Henry Gosse was credited as the person to use the word "aquarium" and it was in his time that aquarium became very popular in the United Kingdom. This was attributed to the Great Exhibition of 1851 where exhibits of modern industrial technology and design were showcased. One of the exhibits featured in the event were flamboyant aquariums in cast iron frames. People who attended the exhibit were impressed by what they saw. Two years after the exhibit, the Fish House was opened in London Zoo. It was the first large public aquarium ever built. Published books and articles about aquaria in the same period had a great significance to freshwater aquarium history. Philip Henry Gosse's book, "The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea" and provided the reader with details of aquatic life although he particularly discussed saltwater aquaria. In 1856, the article "The Lake in a Glass" was published in Germany and it talked about freshwater aquaria. After more than ten years, aquarists' societies were being formed in the country. The United States published the world's first aquarium magazine in 1876 and two years after, the first tropical fish from the Far East were introduced by Rear Admiral Daniel Ammon. One of the first published books in the country about aquaria was Henry D. Butler's, "The Family Aquarium" and its first aquarist society was founded in New York in 1893. As aquariums became widely accepted as a hobby, improvements in the tank design and introduction of the first freshwater aquarium accessories gave the first aquarists the motivation to continue what they have started. The first mechanical air pump powered by running water was invented in the early 1900s. After World War I, the introduction of electricity gave birth to more aquarium accessories for filtering and heating the water. Another pivotal improvement that played an important role in freshwater aquarium history was the development of the plastic shipping bag in the 1950's. It made shipping of fish easier allowing the transfer and exchange of different varieties of fish to many locations. Before plastic shipping bags were used, fish transports were done by using jugs made from various materials. The aquarium tank itself greatly improved from the marble tank of the Roman era to the custom built MacQuarium, an aquarium built from the shell of an Apple Macintosh computer. In the Victorian Era, aquariums were made by a combination of glass front and wood sealed by a type of resin. Robert Warrington created the first aquarium made entirely of glass. At present, glass is still used as tank material but in recent years acrylic was introduced. It is a transparent thermoplastic that is shatter-resistant and lighter than glass. A material that combines the strength of acrylic and clarity of glass is the laminated glass and aquarium that is now becoming popular worldwide. The evolution of freshwater fish is also a momentous part of freshwater aquarium history. The goldfish have been bred in lots of varieties from the original Carp species. Tropical fish have been also successfully bred with fancy varieties that are more colorful and appealing. New species of wild tropical fish have been discovered and introduced to the freshwater aquarium hobby. More scientific studies and research provided much needed information about the fish and their habitat which in turn helped them live longer in the tank. Today, most of the aquarium fish are bred and wild-caught in Asia and The United States. At the end of the 20th century, an estimated nine million households in the United States keep an aquarium. More data from 2005 to 2006 suggests that these American households own 139 million freshwater fish and 9.6 million saltwater fish. Aquarium keeping as a hobby is already second to stamp collecting and will continue to grow as technology continues to improve.
